Will this let me connect a NVME SSD through the internal 2.5" SATA SSD/HDD port on my laptop?

No, this adapter only works for PCI-E SSDs and not for SAS or Slimline SAS HD. It allows M.2 PCIe SSDs to be connected as a replacement for a 2.5" HDD through the SFF-8654 Slimline interface or M.2 SATA SSDs through the SATA 22pin interface.

Questions & Answers: Jimier SFF-8654 to U2 Kit NGFF M-Key to Slimline SAS NVME PCIe SSD SATA Adapter for Mainboard

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Jimier SFF-8654 to U2 Kit NGFF M-Key to Slimline SAS NVME PCIe SSD SATA Adapter for Mainboard

SFF-8654 to U2 Kit NGFF M-Key to Slimline SAS NVME PCIe SSD SATA Adapter for Mainboard
Supports M.2 modules in format 2280, 2260, 2242 and 2230 with key B or key B+M based on SATA or PCIe
Hyper Kit Storage controller,Ultra PCI-E Card (PCIe 3.0 x4)
,The card only work for PCI-E SSD.(Not work for SAS or Slimeline SAS HD)
This U.2 M.2 converter enables two different usage applications.
1. One M.2 PCIe SSD in 2280, 2260, 2242 and 2230 format can be connected and used as a replacement for a 2.5″ HDD. The converter can be installed into the system internally through the SFF-8654 Slimeline interface.
2. One M.2 SATA SSD in 2280, 2260, 2242 and 2230 format can be connected and used as a replacement for a 2.5″ HDD. The converter can be installed into the system internally through the SATA 22pin interface.

$13^.88 –