What are the connector type and polarity of this fiber cable?

It uses 12-fiber MTP/MPO Type-B connectors, with MTP/PC Female to MTP/PC Female connector detail.

What type of network connections is this 10m OM4 MTP/MPO fiber cable designed to support?

It is designed to support high-density 40G and 100G connections between switches and servers, and the specifications note support for 100Gbps.

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StarTech 10m (33ft) MTP/MPO Fiber Optic Cable - 12F Type-B - OM4 Multimode MTP/PC Female Fiber Jumper - 50/125 - OFNP Plenum - OM4MTP12BOFNP10M

This OM4 MTP®/MPO multimode fiber cable supports high-density 40G and 100G connections between switches and servers, helping reduce cable bulk and simplify routing across data hall racks. The 12-fiber design supports high-speed MTP®/MPO connectivity for multi-fiber network applications, while the Erika Violet jacket follows TIA standards to clearly distinguish OM4 from Aqua OM3 cabling.
Constructed with OM4 50/125µm laser-optimized Corning glass, this cable delivers consistent high-bandwidth transmission for data center and backbone links. Type-B polarity MTP® Elite connector maintains proper transmit/receive alignment for multi-lane connections, ensuring reliable performance without additional crossover components. Each cable is individually tested for signal integrity.
The OFNP plenum-rated jacket meets strict fire and low-smoke requirements, making it suitable for routing through air-handling spaces in commercial and enterprise environments, including data center and in-wall pathways.