What is the maximum distance that this SFP module can transmit data?

The maximum distance for data transmission is up to 100 meters (328 feet).

What is the maximum data transfer rate of the StarTech.com Juniper CTP-SFP-1GE-T compatible SFP module?

The maximum data transfer rate of this module is 1000 Mbps (1 Gbps).

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StarTech.com Juniper CTP-SFP-1GE-T Compatible SFP Module - 1000BASE-T - 1GE Gigabit Ethernet SFP to RJ45 Cat6/Cat5e Transceiver - 100m

With 1000Base-T technology, get up to 1000Mbps data transfer rate over twisted pair cable
Up to 10x faster than standard Ethernet connection and provides high-performance
Supports twisted pair cables for durability and improved signal transfer while ensuring smooth and seamless data transfer
SFP is the single answer to all your desired and specified application execution needs
SFP with data networking application/usage for maximum productivity and usability
Hot-swappable form factor allows hassle-free and easy usage with increased efficiency