What is the maximum distance this transceiver can operate over?

The maximum distance for the StarTech.com Cisco SFP-10G-BXD-I compatible module is up to 10 km (6.2 miles).

What type of fiber optic cable does the StarTech.com Cisco SFP-10G-BXD-I compatible module use?

The module uses Single Mode Fiber (SMF) for its connection.

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StarTech.com Cisco SFP-10G-BXD-I Compatible SFP+ Module - 10GBASE-BX - 10 GbE Gigabit Ethernet BiDi Single Mode Fiber (SMF) Transceiver

100% CISCO SFP-10G-BXD-I COMPATIBLE: 10 Gigabit Ethernet BiDi Fiber Single Strand SFP+ works with Cisco switches like ASR9000, ASR1000, NCS5500, C3850, NCS540 and others
INCREASE BANDWIDTH ON EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE: This 10 Gigabit Ethernet bi-directional WDM SFP+ transceiver module sends and receives over a single strand of fiber optic cable instead of two
TECHNICAL SPECS: 10GBASE-BX
10Gbps
10G Bi-Directional Downstream
Single Mode (SMF)